تحلیل حقوقی تبصرة ۲ مادة ۲۲۴ قانون مجازات اسلامی در پرتو یافته‌های روان‌شناسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه فقه و حقوق اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه میبد، میبد، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه حقوق، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه میبد، میبد، ایران

چکیده

قانون مجازات اسلامی مصوب 1392، مصادیق جرم زنای به عنف را گسترش داده است. تبصرة ۲ مادة ۲۲۴ این قانون، زنا با زن در حال بیهوشی، خواب یا مستی، زنا از طریق اغفال و فریب دختر نابالغ و زنا پس از ربایش یا تهدید زن را در حکم زنای به عنف به‌شمار آورده است. پژوهش حاضر با مراجعه به یافته‌های روانشناسان و مقررات سایر نظام‌های حقوقی، متن این تبصره را ازنظر جامع بودن آن در پیش‌بینی حالت‌های در حکم زنای به عنف، تحلیل کرده است. واکاوی منابع کتابخانه‌ای نشان می‌دهد که وضعیت‌های یادشده، تمام صورت‌های تجاوز در حکم عنف را در بر نمی‌گیرد. بنابراین عبارت تبصره باید به‌گونه‌ای اصلاح شود که همة فروض نبود رضایت به نزدیکی را شامل شود. این بازنگری حمایت مناسب‌تری از قربانیان جرایم جنسی فراهم می‌کند و با موازین شرعی این بحث نیز سازگار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Legal Analysis of Note 2, Article 224 of the Islamic Penal Code in View of Psychological Findings

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Nazari Nodoushan 1
  • Mohammad Mahdi Barghi 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology, Meybod University , Meybod, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Theology,Meybod University, Meybod, Iran
چکیده [English]

The Islamic Penal Code of 1392 has broadened the scope of the crime of rape. Note 2 of Article 224 equates sexual intercourse with a woman who is unconscious, asleep, or intoxicated, intercourse with an underage girl through deception, and intercourse following abduction or threat with rape. This study, informed by psychological findings and comparative legal frameworks, analyzes the comprehensiveness of this Note in addressing situations equivalent to rape. Library-based research reveals that the listed situations do not encompass all forms of non-consensual sexual intercourse. Consequently, a revision of the Note is necessary to include all instances where consent is absent. Such an amendment would enhance protections for victims of sexual crimes while aligning with Islamic legal principles.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rape
  • Adultery equivalent to rape
  • Sexual Offenses
  • Consent
  • Note 2 of Article 224
Ansari, M. (1383). Matarih Al-Anzar. Qom: Majma Al-Fekr Al-Islami. [In Arabic]
Aquila, I., Sacco, M. A., & Ricci, P. (2023). “Sexual abuse and mental disorders: The dark side of violence.” Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine9(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_29_21
Azhari, M. (1421). Tahdhib Al Lughah (Vols. 8 & 32). Beirut: Dar Al-Ehya Al-Torath Al-Arabi. [In Arabic]
Beres, M. A. (2007). “Spontaneous sexual consent: An analysis of sexual consent literature.” Feminism & Psychology17(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353507072914
Bragesjö, M., Larsson, K., Nordlund, L., Anderbro, T., Andersson, E., & Möller, A. (2020). “Early psychological intervention after rape: A feasibility study.” Frontiers in Psychology11, 1595. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01595
Brown, G. (2020). Sentencing rape: A comparative analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006). “Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations.” Journal of Sexual Aggression12(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600601069414
Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46. (1985). Retrieved January 25, 2022, from https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-c-46/latest/
Czechowski, K., Sylvestre, J., & Corsini-Munt, S. (2022). “Survival sex: Sexual agency and consent in a state of deprivation? A scoping review.” The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality31(2), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2022-0017
Dhawan, E., & Haggard, P. (2023). “Neuroscience evidence counters a rape myth.” Nature Human Behaviour7(6), 835–838. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01598-6
Farahidi, Kh. (1409). Al-Ayn (Vols. 1–5). Qom: Dar al-Hijra. [In Arabic]
Finch, E., & Fafinski, S. (2011). Law Express: Criminal Law. Pearson UK.
Galliano, G., Noble, L. M., Travis, L. A., & Puechl, C. (1993). “Victim reactions during rape/sexual assault: A preliminary study of the immobility response and its correlates.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence8(1), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626093008001008
Halgin, P. R., & Whitbourne, S. K. (1390). Abnormal psychology: Clinical perspectives on psychological disorders (Y. Seyed Mohammadi, Trans.; 8th ed.). Tehran: Ravan. [In Persian]
Hashemi Shahrudi, M. (1382). The culture of Fiqh based on the Ahl al-Bayt School. Qom: Institution of Islamic Feqh Encyclopedia. [In Persian]
Herring, J. (2012). Great debates in criminal law. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hor Al-Ameli, M. I. H. (1414). Wasa'il al-Shia (Vol. 28). Qom: Alulbayt le Ehya al-Toras Institute. [In Arabic]
Hörnle, T. (2024). “The challenges of designing sexual assault law.” Current Legal Problems, cuae002. https://doi.org/10.1093/clp/cuae002
Hörnle, T. (Ed.). (2023). Sexual assault: Law reform in a comparative perspective. Oxford University Press.
Humphreys, T. (2007). “Perceptions of sexual consent: The impact of relationship history and gender.” Journal of Sex Research44(4), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490701586706
Ibn Athir, M. I. M. (1367). Al-Nihayah fi garib al-hadith wa al-athar. Qom: Ismaelian. [In Arabic]
Jafari Langroudi, M. (1381). Mabsoot: Dictionary terms of law (Vol. 4). Tehran: Ganj danesh. [In Persian]
Jafari Langroudi, M. (1400). Al-Faregh: General encyclopedia of law (Vol. 1). Tehran: Ganj danesh. [In Persian]
Jurjani, A. (1370). At Tarifat (Vol. 1). Tehran: Nasir Khusraw. [In Persian]
Koss, M. P., Swartout, K. M., Lopez, E. C., Lamade, R. V., Anderson, E. J., Brennan, C. L., & Prentky, R. A. (2022). “The scope of rape victimization and perpetration among national samples of college students across 30 years.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence37(1–2), NP25–NP47. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050103
Kramers-Olen, A. (2016). “Sexuality, intellectual disability, and human rights legislation.” South African Journal of Psychology46(4), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246316678154
Krogh, H. B., Vinberg, M., Mortensen, G. L., Skakke, D., Nielsen, D., & Giraldi, A. (2023). “Bipolar disorder and sexuality: A preliminary qualitative pilot study.” International Journal of Bipolar Disorders11(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-023-00285-9
Lanning, K. (2018). “The evolution of grooming: Concept and term.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence33(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517742046
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1427). Istifta'at (Vol. 3). Qom: Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib School. [In Persian]
Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, H. (1399). Offences against the moral integrity of persons. Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, H. (1401). Criminal law (General Part 2). Tehran: Dadgostar. [In Persian]
Mohler-Kuo, M., Dowdall, G. W., Koss, M. P., & Wechsler, H. (2004). “Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol65(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2004.65.37
Möller, A., Söndergaard, H. P., & Helström, L. (2017). “Tonic immobility during sexual assault–a common reaction predicting post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica96(8), 932–938. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13174
Montazeri, H.-A. (n.d.). Kitab al-hudud. Qom: Dar Al-Fekr. [In Arabic]
Morano, J. P. (2001). “Sexual abuse of the mentally retarded patient: Medical and legal analysis for the primary care physician.” Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry3(3), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v03n0304
Muehlenhard, C. L., Humphreys, T. P., Jozkowski, K. N., & Peterson, Z. D. (2016). “The complexities of sexual consent among college students: A conceptual and empirical review.” The Journal of Sex Research53(4–5), 457–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1146651
Omidi, J. (1398). Interpretation of criminal statutes. Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
Ormerod, D., & Laird, K. (2020). Smith, Hogan, and Ormerod's criminal law (13th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Palamar, J. J., Kiang, M. V., Storholm, E. D., & Halkitis, P. N. (2014). “A qualitative descriptive study of perceived sexual effects of club drug use in gay and bisexual men.” Psychology & Sexuality5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2012.679363
Petrak, J., & Hedge, B. (Eds.). (2002). The trauma of sexual assault: Treatment, prevention and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Popova, M. (2019). Sexual consent. MIT Press.
Postmus, J. L. (Ed.). (2013). Sexual violence and abuse: An encyclopedia of prevention, impacts, and recovery. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Rose, D. S. (1986). “'Worse than death': Psychodynamics of rape victims and the need for psychotherapy.” The American Journal of Psychiatry143(7), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.7.817
Safaei, S., Shakeri Golpaiegany, T., Farajiha, M., & Asady, L. (2023). Judicial Interpretations of the “Concept of Consent in Rape: Content Analysis of Iran and New Zealand Cases”. Criminal Law Research, 14(1), 143-170. https://doi.org/10.22124/jol.2023.21213.2239. [In Persian]
Sahib ibn Abbad, I. (1414). Al-muhit fi al-lughah. Beirut: Alam al kotob. [In Arabic]
Sahib Jawahir, M. (n.d.). Jawahir Al-Kalam (Vol. 32). Beirut: Dar Al-Ehya Al-Torath Al-Arabi. [In Arabic]
Setty, E. (2023). “Young people and sexual consent: Contextualising ‘miscommunication’ amid ‘grey areas’ of ambiguity and ambivalence.” Sex Education23(6), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2023.2259321
Sexual Offences Act 2003. Retrieved November 21, 2024, from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/contents
Shahid e Thani, Z. I. A. (1410). Ar-Rawda-l-Bahiyah fi Sharh allam'a-d-Dimashqiya (Vol. 9). Qom: Maktaba al-Davari. [In Arabic]
Smith, L. A., Kolokotroni, K. Z., & Turner-Moore, R. (2021). “Making and communicating decisions about sexual consent during drug-involved sex: A thematic synthesis.” The Journal of Sex Research58(4), 469–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1706072
Sobhani Tabrizi, J. (1389). Istifta'at (Vol. 3). Qom: Imam Sadegh Institute. [In Persian]
Suarez, S. D., & Gallup, G. G. (1979). “Tonic immobility as a response to rape in humans: A theoretical note.” The Psychological Record29, 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03394619
VandenBos, G. (2015). APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
Zakikhani, N., Bahman Pouri, A., Gharibpoure, M., & Jokar, M. (2024). “Feasibility of absolute criminal liability in criminal jurisprudence”. Criminal Law Research, 15(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.22124/jol.2024.27904.2490. [In Persian]