مسئولیت کیفری دولت در موارد اِعمال حاکمیت

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

معمولاً پنداشته می‌شود کار دولت این است که «شهروندان» را از شرّ «مجرمان» حفظ کند. اما مسئله این است که گاهی خودِ دولت‌ از قدرتش علیه شهروندان سوءاستفاده می‌کند و حقوق‌ و آزادی‌های بنیادینِ آنها را نقض می‌کند. اصطلاحِ «جرم دولتی» قرار است اندیشیدن درباره‌ی همین مسئله را ممکن سازد. در حقوق ایران، طبق نص قانون، امکان مجازات دولت در غیر امور حاکمیتی وجود دارد. با این حال، مقاله نشان می‌دهد که فراتر از این با خوانشی نص‌گرا از قوانین موجود می‌توان از حیث حقوق ماهوی به امکان محکومیت دولت به ارتکاب جرم در امور حاکمیتی هم قائل شد، هر چند در این صورت- بنا بر اصل قانون‌مندی-مجازات تعزیری بر دولت و نهادهای مذکور اِعمال‌پذیر نیست. قاضی کیفری می‌تواند با مسئول شمردن دولت، حتی در موارد اِعمال حاکمیت، به نمایندگی از اجتماع سیاسی، به‌طوررسمی دولت را به خاطر ارتکاب رفتار مجرمانه علیه شهروندان نکوهش کند و در مقابل آن بایستد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The State’s Criminal Liability When Acting as a Sovereign

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahdi Samaei Sahne Saraee 1
  • Mohammad Jafar Habibzadeh 2
1 PhD in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

It is commonly assumed that the role of the State is to protect citizens from criminals. The problem, however, arises when the State itself abuses its power and violates the fundamental rights and freedoms of its own citizens. The notion of “state crime” is intended to make theoretical reflection on this very issue possible. Under Iranian law, based on the statutory text, the State may be convicted and held criminally liable in non‑sovereign activities. Nevertheless, this article demonstrates that, even beyond this, a textualist interpretation of the existing statutes allows one to argue—at the level of substantive criminal law—for the possibility of convicting the State for crimes committed in the exercise of sovereign authority as well. However, in such cases, due to the principle of legality, no ta‘zīr may be imposed on the State or the relevant public bodies. A criminal court, by holding the State accountable even in matters of sovereignty, may—on behalf of the political community—formally censure the State for committing criminal conduct against its citizens and symbolically stand against it.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • State crime
  • "criminal liability of the state
  • " criminal law without punishment"
  • "sovereign"
  • " matters"

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پژوهشنامه حقوق کیفری
دوره 17، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 34
مقالات
آبان 1405
صفحه 75-90

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