محرومیت از حقوق اجتماعی و سیاسی به‌عنوان ضمانت‌اجراهای ویژه در نظام حقوقی ایران و برخی کشورهای اروپایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران.

چکیده

پاسخگویی مقامات و شهروندان در برابر جرائم ارتکابی، یکی از ارکان اساسی نظام‌های حقوقی مردم‌سالار است. محرومیت از حقوق اجتماعی و سیاسی، به‌عنوان ضمانت‌اجرای ویژه، ابزاری کلیدی برای تضمین این پاسخگویی محسوب می‌شود. در کشورهای اروپایی، علاوه بر مجازات‌های کیفری و اداری مانند حبس و جریمه نقدی، ضمانت‌اجراهای ویژه‌ای از جمله انفصال از خدمت عمومی، محرومیت از حق کاندیداتوری، محرومیت از حق رأی، و منع شرکت دوباره در انتخابات برای جرائم مقامات و شهروندان پیش‌بینی شده که هدف آنها ایجاد سازوکارهای پیشگیرانه و دموکراتیک برای سلامت تصمیم‌گیری عمومی است. این ضمانت‌اجراها در جرائم اعمال تصدی و اعمال حاکمیت به‌کار می‌روند. نظام حقوقی ایران عمدتاً به ضمانت‌اجراهای کیفری و اداری مانند انفصال از خدمت و محرومیت از کاندیداتوری محدود شده و بر جرائم تصدی تمرکز دارد و جرائم اعمال حاکمیت، کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، نظام‌های حقوقی ایران و برخی کشورهای اروپایی را مقایسه کرده نتایج حاکی از بهره‌گیری از الگوهای اروپایی همچون محرومیت موقت از حقوق انتخاباتی، سازوکارهای نظارتی مستقل و تفکیک دقیق ضمانت‌اجراهای اداری و کیفری، می‌تواند موجب تقویت پاسخگویی شود؛ هرچند اعمال برخی ضمانت‌اجراها مانند محرومیت از حق رأی باید با توجه به ساختار فرهنگی و سیاسی ایران با احتیاط بیشتری نگریسته شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Deprivation of Social and Political Rights as Special Sanctions in the Legal Systems of Iran and selected European countries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Najibiyan 1
  • Mohammad Ali Babaei 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Accountability of public officials and citizens for committed offenses constitutes a fundamental pillar of democratic legal systems. Deprivation of social and political rights as a special sanction serves as a key instrument for ensuring such accountability. In European jurisdictions, beyond conventional criminal and administrative penalties such as imprisonment and fines, specialized sanctions are provided, including disqualification from public office, ineligibility to stand for election, deprivation of the right to vote, and permanent or temporary bans from re-entering electoral processes. These measures—applied to both administrative functions (day-to-day executive duties) and sovereign functions (high-level political decision-making)—pursue primarily preventive and democracy-protecting objectives. In contrast, the Iranian legal system predominantly relies on criminal and administrative sanctions such as disqualification from public service and ineligibility for candidacy, with a primary focus on offenses related to administrative functions. Offenses arising from the exercise of sovereign authority receive significantly less attention and lack specific sanctions. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study conducts a comparative examination of the Iranian legal framework and leading European systems. Findings indicate that adopting certain European models—temporary deprivation of electoral rights, independent oversight mechanisms, and a clearer distinction between administrative and criminal sanctions—could substantially enhance political accountability within Iran’s governance structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Special Sanctions
  • Iranian Legal System
  • European Union Countries
  • Political Decision-Makers
  • Social Rights
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