Analyzing normative gaps in the international system and the need to develop a binding international document on violence against women

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Gender-based violence, particularly against women, remains a serious and growing concern in the field of international human rights. Despite various global and regional initiatives, the absence of a comprehensive and effective legally binding instrument is still strongly felt. This study, through a descriptive-analytical method and a review of recent developments, comparatively examines two major approaches to drafting a new instrument: the adoption of an independent convention or the addition of a protocol to existing treaties. The article further analyzes the shortcomings of current legal frameworks, including conceptual, substantive, and enforcement challenges, and explores the existing legal capacities within the international system to address them. The findings indicate that a combined approach may strengthen state obligations, improve monitoring mechanisms, and enhance the overall effectiveness of international efforts to combat violence against women. Finally, the study offers recommendations aimed at making simultaneous use of current instruments while paving the way for drafting a future comprehensive treaty

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Criminal Law Research

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 30 January 2026

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