https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/ Criminal Law Research en daily 1 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9157.html Whether the principle of innocence is read from the perspective of a phenomenon or a noumenon will have different effects on the interpretation of criminal law. In jurisprudence and Iranian law, the principle of innocence is mostly a practical principle that is used in cases where doubt arises about the existence or lack of a duty. But if we look at the principle of innocence from the perspective of the noumenon, it is based not on duty but on human freedom. Noumenon innocence does not allow the interpreter to expand the legal provision that has been criminalized, and cannot develop exceptions using subjective criteria in interpreting criminalized regulations. In the present study, using a qualitative method, the hypothesis that looking at the principle of innocence from the perspective of a noumenon has different interpretative effects than the practical principle of innocence has been strengthened. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9158.html The media has the right to cover criminal incidents in light of the principle of freedom of expression. The consequence of this coverage is the public's judgment of the case, which, under the influence of media indoctrination—outside the judicial process and regardless of the presence or absence of sufficient and credible evidence against the accused—proceeds to try and convict the accused.The present research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library resources and a critique and analysis of legal materials and notable cases. Its goal is to identify a mechanism that protects the defendant's right to a fair trial while guaranteeing the media's right to freedom of expression.The research findings show that a fair trial is an absolute and inviolable right that should be preferred to the public's right to information; therefore, it is proposed to amend Articles 96 and 352 of the Criminal Procedure Code and determine legal mechanisms that restrict media freedom in the realm of legal and judicial issues, and in parallel, organize the publication of judicial news by the spokesperson for the judiciary. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9011.html Imprisonment, in addition to being a legal phenomenon, is also a social and cultural phenomenon. Therefore, to fully understand its transformations, it is essential to go beyond purely legal frameworks. The neoclassical approach in the sociology of culture, with an emphasis on the symbolic aspect of punishment, views imprisonment as a social institution and a symbol of cultural transformations in contemporary Iran. According to this cognitive framework, the changes that have occurred over different periods in the realm of penal systems reflect deep shifts in the underlying and hidden layers of society’s culture. This study aims to analyze, using the methods of the sociology of culture and focusing on the neoclassical approach, the reasons behind the fluctuations in attention to the punishment of imprisonment in contemporary Iran, from a century ago to the present. It will also examine and analyze the social and cultural factors influencing these changes. Ultimately, this research shows that cultural and social transformations in society have a direct impact on the meanings of imprisonment as a symbolic form. In this regard, imprisonment, as an official punishment during the Pahlavi political system, has gradually undergone semantic changes and has been revisited and reassessed at different periods. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9230.html Empirical research indicates that traditional judicial approaches to child abuse cases are ineffective, often resulting in child separation, high recidivism rates, and an increasing caseload. This study aims to evaluate judicial responses to child abuse by addicted parents from the perspective of problem-solving principles. Data were collected through content analysis of 25 case files, in-depth interviews with 25 judicial and welfare practitioners, and semi-participant observation of seven court sessions. Findings reveal significant potential for adopting a problem-solving approach within Iran’s legal system. These capacities are evident in existing court laws and procedures, reflecting legislators’ growing willingness to incorporate therapeutic dimensions into the justice process. To fully realize this approach, the study highlights the need for judicial training, legal reforms, reduction of bureaucratic rigidity (statism), and strengthened collaboration between the judiciary and partner institutions such as social welfare organizations.Keywords: Child abuse, addicted parents, problem-solving approach, treatment-oriented court, judicial policies https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9350.html Marital rape,from the perspectives of criminal law and criminology,is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon that requires a simultaneous examination from jurisprudential(Fiqhi),legal,and social viewpoints.From a social standpoint,women are often coerced into unwanted sexual acts within maritalrelations without their free consent—a reality whose nature is in no way justifiable by the marital bond.On the other hand,the jurisprudential doctrines of both Imamiyyah and Sunni criminal jurisprudence regard maritalrape as aclear instance of inflicting harm(Iza'aGhayr)and a forbidden(Haram)act.Using a comparative and analytical approach,this study identifies the main obstacles to criminalizing maritalrape in Iran as the lack of a specific criminal definition,traditional interpretations,and the absence of appropriate criminal sanctions.Implementation challenges—such as the difficulty of proving the offense,deep-rooted cultural barriers,and the lack of unified judicial procedures—arealso among the limiting factors in confronting this phenomenon.The research emphasizes the necessity of a fundamental revision in Iran's criminal policy,grounded in both jurisprudential teachings and human rights principles. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9164.html The emergence and expansion of the metaverse has ushered criminal activity, especially economic crime, into a new phase. The unknown nature of the metaverse provide an ideal space for criminals to conceal their true identities behind avatars and, through the informal economy and the widespread use of virtual currencies, conduct their transactions outside the reach of legal oversight. In fact, this space allows offenders to move and settle large illicit amounts of money. Therefore, identifying the criminal potential of the metaverse and striving to regulate its various aspects in order to prevent crime actively and consciously is essential.This paper, written using a descriptive-analytical method and drawing from comparative and international sources, particularly the FATF document, is divided into two sections. The first part addresses the challenges in the metaverse and its potential for money laundering, while the second part, based on the FATF guidelines, provides recommendations for preventing money laundering.The findings of the research indicate the lack of necessary and essential regulations for proper governance in this area, such that the application of outdated regulations, which have not been updated to match technological developments, has led to ambiguity. This highlights the necessity of proactive policymaking and regulation in this domain. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9364.html Bioterrorism, as a threat to global security and public health, can be employed as a political tool to instill fear and destabilize societies. Consequently, traditional security- and reaction-based approaches are insufficient, necessitating proactive measures and comprehensive, multidimensional strategies. Among these, proactive prevention approaches—particularly those targeting individuals, communities, and environments—play a critical role in reducing the risks associated with bioterrorism. Accordingly, this paper employs a descriptive-analytical method, grounded in criminological frameworks and international documents, to examine the role and significance of developmental, community-based, and situational preventive strategies in countering bioterrorism. It also addresses the challenges and limitations of these approaches and explores their application in reducing individuals’ likelihood of engaging in bioterrorist acts. Establishment of robust public health systems, deployment of early detection mechanisms for biological agents, strengthening border security, and the formulation and updating of emergency response plans are among the most important preventive measures in combating bioterrorism. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9354.html Compulsory hijab and criminal penalties have sparked protests by women’s‑rights advocates in Iran and increased scrutiny from human‑rights bodies. This study analyzes the tension between religious and legal obligations to wear hijab and the right to privacy, and examines the criminalization of non‑compliance. Using a descriptive‑analytical method to review relevant texts, the research finds that international human‑rights norms permit restricting privacy rights in public when limitations are lawful, necessary, and proportionate. Nonetheless, while criminalizing some instances of non‑observance may be justifiable in limited circumstances, imposing criminal sanctions at the outset has lost social legitimacy. Early punitive measures often fail to respect certain jurisprudential and human‑rights principles and are disproportionate to public sentiment, undermining their legitimacy and effectiveness. The study concludes that criminal punishment, as initially applied, is unlikely to secure women’s compliance and recommends reconsidering punitive approaches in favor of more proportionate, rights‑respecting measures and emphasizing education and dialogue instead. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9334.html Jurisdiction over aircraft-related crimes is one of the challenging subjects at both international and domestic levels and it raises the question of which rules it follows. The importance of the subject gets bold, especially in the case of committing a crime by drones, because usually, the criminal and the state of registration are not obvious. The current research analyzes regulations using descriptive-analytical methods, specifically those outlined in the Tokyo Convention, which establishes the jurisdiction of the state of registration, as well as the Hague and Montreal Conventions, which establish universal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of the lessee's country. Additionally, it examines personal jurisdiction in the Beijing Convention and in domestic law, as outlined in regulations such as the Civil Aviation Law. However, in addition to the essential of reset one perfect regulation internationally, it is suggested that, because of some lacks in regulations and the importance of solving them, Iran join the Beijing Convention and its protocol 2010 as the latest universal intention about jurisdiction over aircraft-related crimes. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9349.html This study aims to examine the impact of intra-organizational variables on the level of deviant behaviors leading to criminality among conscripted soldiers. Deviant behaviors is one of the major challenges in military environments. Factors such as the behavior of commanding officers, the relationships with fellow soldiers, and the quality of welfare and healthcare services can influence these behaviors. This research employed a descriptive-survey design, and data were collected using a questionnaire. The statistical population included Iranian Conscripted Basic Military Trainees. A sample of 541 soldiers was selected through a cluster random sampling method. Findings indicate a significant and inverse relationship between the level of soldier misconduct and three variables: the behavior of commanding officers, the quality of interactions with fellow soldiers, and the availability of welfare services. However, no significant relationship was found between healthcare services and the level of misconduct among soldiers. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9165.html The foundation of restorative justice is the principle of “freedom as non-domination”. This principle, apart from certain republican requirements, is based on the idea of “negative liberty”, which is a product of modern natural rights. Therefore, the realization of restorative justice necessitates conditions where the concept of natural rights is firmly established as incompatible with transcendent (divine) interpretation of the good. Consequently, adopting a “compatibilist” stance that emphasizes similarities between restorative justice and certain mechanisms found in non-liberal regimes does not seem justified. Strengthening restorative justice within Iran’s criminal justice system, especially in light of the increasing modernization in Iranian society, requires a reevaluation and alignment of lawmakers with the implications of freedom as the most crucial foundation of restorative justice. Thus, understanding the modernist foundations of restorative justice and acknowledging the existential realities of Iranian society are essential for bridging the inconsistencies in legal and judicial discourse towards a criminal system that aligns with objective transformations. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9374.html Terrorist crimes on virtual platforms have become a serious threat to security. In this context, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to identify and address these threats has become a key priority in the field of security. This technology plays an important role in identifying suspicious patterns and analyzing data, but it faces challenges such as privacy protection and accuracy in detection, which require responsible and balanced governance to overcome. Additionally, there are significant gaps in the legal frameworks and oversight mechanisms for AI governance, which need fundamental reforms. These gaps include the misalignment of laws with the rapid pace of technological advancement and the lack of legal frameworks for international cooperation. Therefore, the development of new laws in areas such as human rights, privacy protection, algorithmic transparency, and international collaboration is essential for effectively combating terrorist crimes, ensuring the appropriate use of AI, and safeguarding individual user rights. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9399.html Gender-based violence, particularly against women, remains a serious and growing concern in the field of international human rights. Despite various global and regional initiatives, the absence of a comprehensive and effective legally binding instrument is still strongly felt. This study, through a descriptive-analytical method and a review of recent developments, comparatively examines two major approaches to drafting a new instrument: the adoption of an independent convention or the addition of a protocol to existing treaties. The article further analyzes the shortcomings of current legal frameworks, including conceptual, substantive, and enforcement challenges, and explores the existing legal capacities within the international system to address them. The findings indicate that a combined approach may strengthen state obligations, improve monitoring mechanisms, and enhance the overall effectiveness of international efforts to combat violence against women. Finally, the study offers recommendations aimed at making simultaneous use of current instruments while paving the way for drafting a future comprehensive treaty https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9425.html In recent years, autonomous weapons systems, especially military drones, have played an increasing role in armed conflicts. This article, using a descriptive and analytical approach, seeks to address the following questions: How can attacks carried out by autonomous weapons in general—and loitering munitions (LMs) in Lebanon in particular—be legally analyzed in light of potential violations of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution? What capacities does international criminal law offer for ensuring accountability in cases involving the unlawful use of autonomous weapons? The case study of Lebanon demonstrates that in certain instances, the use of drones has been accompanied by violations of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution, thereby paving the way for the commission of war crimes. The absence of real-time human oversight and the difficulty in identifying direct responsibility pose fundamental challenges to legal accountability. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9447.html In principle, preliminary investigations and judicial orders in this regard are written, which have various foundations such as the transparency of the order, the clarity of the duty of the bailiff, and the ability to rely on the issuer of the order. However, Article 34 of the Criminal Procedure Code has prescribed the issuance of an oral order by the judicial authority to bailiffs in specific cases and circumstances and as an exception. Considering that the above-mentioned article allows the issuance of verbal orders only in urgent and necessary cases, the present article tries to find the answer to the question of what is the scope, conditions and manner of documenting this order in a descriptive-analytical way and by using library tools. What are the problems and challenges faced by the issuing authority and the executing officer and what are the solutions for them. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9448.html Personality profiling of violent and deceptive offenders is crucial, as these offenses indicate an offender's dangerousness. However, the personality differences between these groups remain unclear. The present study was conducted to comparatively examine the personality traits of these groups. This descriptive study uses a causal-comparative approach on a sample of 177 prisoners (91 violent and 86 deceptive offenders) at Tabriz Prison. Data were collected using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance and logistic regression. The findings revealed that violent offenders scored significantly higher on "Neuroticism", whereas deceptive offenders had higher mean scores for "Conscientiousness," "Extraversion," "Openness to Experience," and "Agreeableness" (p < 0.05). Additionally, "Neuroticism" and "Conscientiousness" predicted the type of crime with an accuracy of %72.3. These findings indicate the existence of distinct personality profiles in these offender groups and their applicability in crime prevention and rehabilitation programs. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9460.html Paralysis of body organs is among the types of physical injuries addressed in the Islamic Penal Code, both within the general rules of *Diyyah* (blood money) and the specific provisions concerning individual organs. However, the legislator has primarily focused on complete paralysis, while only determining the amount of *Diyyah* for partial paralysis without clarifying its related legal consequences. Using a descriptive–analytical method and library-based data, this study examines the jurisprudential basis for calculating *Diyyah* in cases involving partially paralyzed organs. The findings indicate that if the jurisprudential approach is based on “Arsh,” the paralyzed organ is treated as sound, and any subsequent injury is compensated according to the full *Diyyah* of a healthy organ. Conversely, if the “Relative Fixed Diyyah” view is adopted, other injuries are calculated proportionally. Considering Islamic jurisprudence, the principle of proportionality, and criminal justice, the latter view provides greater coherence and legislative efficiency, warranting reconsideration of Article 564 of the Penal Code. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9482.html Every legal system is based on norms called "principles or rules" and ordinary laws or the issuance of judicial decisions must be based on them. Legal order, like natural order, is established when all norms are logically related to each other and there is no conflict between them. The issue of this research is the relationship of legal rule with higher or parallel rules and minor rulings and its place in the jurisprudence and criminal law system. The scope of validity of the rule must also be determined: absolute validity or lack of validity or limited validity. The conclusion of the article, which was conducted qualitatively and in a descriptive-analytical manner, is that the provisions of the "Dara" rule in some cases are not in line with other norms and changes must be made to form an appropriate legal system. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9483.html In recent years, both in Iran and in other Islamic countries, judicial practice has moved towards including worship as a form of punishment. Despite its rarity, this initially raises several challenges, which this article examines from the perspective of Imami and popular jurisprudence in a descriptive-analytical manner based on library studies. In summary, it can be said that the dominant approach in these two areas of jurisprudence is the possibility of ta'zir through worship, but several considerations must be observed, including "prohibition of excommunication from religion", "non-disparagement of crime", "non-infringement of the rights of the aggrieved", "sentencing heavy punishments in the absence of deterrence and failure to achieve the goal of ta'zir", and "proportion between punishment through worship and the nature of the crime". https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9484.html Accountability of public officials and citizens for committed offenses constitutes a fundamental pillar of democratic legal systems. Deprivation of social and political rights as a special sanction serves as a key instrument for ensuring such accountability. In European jurisdictions, beyond conventional criminal and administrative penalties such as imprisonment and fines, specialized sanctions are provided, including disqualification from public office, ineligibility to stand for election, deprivation of the right to vote, and permanent or temporary bans from re-entering electoral processes. These measures—applied to both administrative functions (day-to-day executive duties) and sovereign functions (high-level political decision-making)—pursue primarily preventive and democracy-protecting objectives. In contrast, the Iranian legal system predominantly relies on criminal and administrative sanctions such as disqualification from public service and ineligibility for candidacy, with a primary focus on offenses related to administrative functions. Offenses arising from the exercise of sovereign authority receive significantly less attention and lack specific sanctions. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study conducts a comparative examination of the Iranian legal framework and leading European systems. Findings indicate that adopting certain European models—temporary deprivation of electoral rights, independent oversight mechanisms, and a clearer distinction between administrative and criminal sanctions—could substantially enhance political accountability within Iran’s governance structure. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9594.html Critiquing the institutional approach that views punishment merely as a legal-juridical mechanism, this study redefines punishment as a painful, imposed lived experience. Utilizing a conceptual-analytical method grounded in phenomenological and normative analysis, the research examines the nexus between suffering and punishment and its implications for criminal justice. By challenging objectivist and institutional theories, the findings demonstrate that suffering constitutes the substantive core of punishment; without the subject’s personal experience, punishment is reduced to a formal abstraction. The distinction between institutional severity and actual severity reveals that the formal equality of judicial sentences does not equate to parity in the experience of suffering. Consequently, the study concludes that criminal justice necessitates an experience-oriented approach, the individualization of sanctions, and the systematic reduction of unnecessary suffering to achieve genuine equity. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9643.html Human rights are no longer mere symbolic declarations; they are now a central criterion for the legitimacy of political systems nationally and internationally. Yet, Iran’s criminal legislation reveals extensive substantive and procedural violations, making effective remedies essential. John Rawls’s The Law of Peoples offers a key theoretical framework, directly addressing the place of human rights in domestic and international orders. Rawls argues that institutionalizing human rights is feasible only in two types of well-ordered societies: liberal peoples and decent hierarchical peoples. Iran’s constitutional structure, however, is neither. Fundamental and immutable provisions—particularly Articles 4, 12, 72, 96, and 177—entrench a structure incompatible with a decent hierarchical people, and even constitutional revision cannot remove these barriers. Thus, the only viable theoretical path is a bold, rights-oriented reinterpretation of Shari‘a that incorporates the features of a decent hierarchical people. Without genuine political will at the highest levels, however, this path remains arduous, leaving the system vulnerable to international pressure and declining public trust. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9644.html One of the assults done against people is sexual assult in workplace, and some countries have addressed this issue exclusively. In the laws of Iran, the discussion of sexual harassment is criminalized in some cases, and many articles that have dealt with the issue have examined adultery with violence from various aspects, and some cases have compared it. Therefore, the discussion of the crime of sexual harassment in the workplace has not been discussed. The present study investigated sexual harassment in the work environment and its criminalization in the laws of Iran and England by descriptive and analytical method and by collecting materials in a library manner and the criminalisation of it in laws of iran and england in a comparative way. We also give some suggestions to increase mental and job security for women alongside naming advantages and flaws concerning this issue in Iran and England law. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9645.html It is commonly assumed that the role of the State is to protect citizens from criminals. The problem, however, arises when the State itself abuses its power and violates the fundamental rights and freedoms of its own citizens. The notion of “state crime” is intended to make theoretical reflection on this very issue possible. Under Iranian law, based on the statutory text, the State may be convicted and held criminally liable in non‑sovereign activities. Nevertheless, this article demonstrates that, even beyond this, a textualist interpretation of the existing statutes allows one to argue—at the level of substantive criminal law—for the possibility of convicting the State for crimes committed in the exercise of sovereign authority as well. However, in such cases, due to the principle of legality, no ta‘zīr may be imposed on the State or the relevant public bodies. A criminal court, by holding the State accountable even in matters of sovereignty, may—on behalf of the political community—formally censure the State for committing criminal conduct against its citizens and symbolically stand against it. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9650.html Critical criminology, as a new approach in criminology, analyzes the relationship between unequal social structures and criminal behavior. . Gender-based approaches in critical criminology, by exposing male hegemony in the structure of the norm-setting system, emphasize that in patriarchal societies, women are considered as other and their second-class status is considered natural. This research seeks to evaluate the film "Woman and Child" based on gender-based criminology theories and using the qualitative content analysis method. . The aim of the research is to examine how the film "Woman and Child" represents relationships, roles, institutionalization of gender inequality, and the experience of crime and victimization in the context of gender stereotypes. The research findings show that based on the social construction of gender, crime and victimization are the product of gender expectations and inequalities. Women, as a marginalized group, are victims of unequal structures of power, laws, and discriminatory, anthropocentric justice. In this context, women's resistance to dominant patriarchal culture and norms may manifest itself in the form of resistance crimes. In this film, gender-based differential controls justify the high rate of crime committed by men and show that many male deviances are considered permissible within the framework of male gender roles. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9651.html “Educational and Scientific Destruction” is a deliberate attack on infrastructures, institutions, and elements of science and educational research, which its types can be categorized into two spectrums: physical destruction and functional destruction. The physical dimension of educational and scientific destruction includes behaviors such as the destruction and destruction of educational, scientific, and research structures and buildings. On the other hand, the assassination of scientists and researchers, the cessation of the activities of scientific and educational institutions, or the prohibition of scholars and scholars from educational, scientific, and research activities are examples of functional destruction. There seems to be no doubt in identifying it as a war crime and behavior that is completely contrary to the laws of war and humanitarian law in the field of international criminal law. In this article, various aspects of educational and scientific destruction as a clear war crime have been analyzed. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9652.html Sentencing is one of the fundamental pillars of criminal policy that influences the determination of the type and severity of punishment, particularly with regard to legal persons. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library resources, examines the governing criteria for sentencing in various criminal justice systems. In this regard, principles such as the proportionality of crime and punishment, fixed and determined penalties, individualized sentencing, and sentencing guidelines in relation to legal persons are analyzed.The findings of the research indicate that, in Iran’s legal system, due to the novelty of the subject and the prevailing traditional approach to punishment as well as the spirit of individualism dominant in domestic criminal laws, a crime-centered approach governs the sentencing process for legal persons. In contrast, a comparative analysis with other legal systems shows that the legal system of England, by moving away from the crime-centered approach, has adopted other sentencing models, such as the guideline-based model. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9662.html The offence of criminal damage is committed when a person intentionally destroys or damages property belonging to another. This offence can be divided into two categories: simple criminal damage and aggravated criminal damage. In aggravated criminal damage, some factors play a role as an aggravating factor for the offence of criminal damage. In Iranian criminal law, the legislator has considered the use of explosives and the intention to confront the Islamic state as aggravating factors for the offence of criminal damage, but has not paid attention to aspects such as the intention to endanger the life of another. But, in the English and Welsh criminal law, the legislator has considered the use of fire, the intention to endanger the life of another, and racial or religious motives as aggravating factors for criminal damage. Accordingly, this article, using the descriptive-analytical method and by comparing the aforementioned legal systems, has proposed solutions to the Iranian legislator, such as eliminating the mere intention to confront the Islamic state and replacing it with the intention to endanger the life of another. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9701.html Encroachment upon aquatic ecosystems and the destruction of marine biodiversity are consequences of trans-boundary criminal activities that jeopardize the survival of species. However, the insistence of states on maintaining national sovereignty has created an obstacle to global legal cooperation. This approach has resulted in transnational law enforcement actions remaining sporadic, while domestic legislation continue to be inconsistent. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this research examines the capacities of international law in confronting marine crimes. The findings indicate that current frameworks lack the necessary criminal guarantees and have failed to provide a comprehensive response to the demands of the international community. Presently, the gaps in global treaties regarding the obligation of states to criminalize these acts are clearly evident. Therefore, recognizing ‘ecocide’ as an international crime would be a fundamental strategy for transitioning toward a cohesive and deterrent system for the holistic protection of the marine environment. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9737.html The present study aimed to investigate the effect of indigenous and local games on crime prevention in the Sistan region. This research was conducted using a survey-correlation research method. The statistical population of this study is all teachers, sports coaches, and people working in the field of cultural activities in the Sistan region in 1403, who were selected using a non-random purposeful (judgmental) sampling method within the scope of the Cochran sample size output of 384 people. The collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 19 items in the form of a five-point Likert scale (completely disagree to completely agree). Exploratory factor analysis showed that indigenous and local games play an important role in crime prevention through four components: social belonging, strengthening communication skills, strengthening cultural identity, and reducing crime-causing opportunities. Findings from regression coefficient analysis showed that the factors of cultural identity (0.735), social belonging (0.726), reducing criminal opportunities (0.65), and strengthening social skills (0.6) have the greatest impact on preventing crime through indigenous and local games, respectively. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_9738.html The ultimate goal of litigation is to ensure justice and uphold legal rights.However, corrupt interactions during judicial proceedings, such as bribery, may result in judgments that conflict with judicial justice.This study examines the possibility of overturning judgments influenced by corrupt interactions in the course of proceedings. The research method relies on documentary analysis, including retrial case files, and forty in depth interviews with lawyers and judicial practitioners. The findings indicate that although the legislator has provided retrial as an extraordinary remedy for challenging final judgments under Articles 474 and 477 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the lack of explicit legal provisions regarding the annulment of judgments upon proof of judicial corruption, ambiguity in determining its instances, the complexity of extraordinary review mechanisms, and the absence of a consistent judicial practice have created serious challenges.These conditions highlight the need for explicit legislative provisions and clear legal mechanisms to address such cases