Investigation of subculture of violence among juvenile and young wrestler based on the concept of cultural replacement(case study of Mashhad)

Abstract
Current research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the status of the subculture of violence among teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad. This research is of descriptive and analytical type and data collection is by both library and field methods. The sample size of the study was determined 170 by Cochran's test. To measure the status of the subculture of violence among the statistical population, 170 athletes from 13 sports clubs in different areas of Mashhad have been randomly surveyed. According to the findings of the research, more than 40% of the samples have been had high violence. About the effect of the independent variables on the violence of the samples should be say: sports club environment and group of peers had a significant relationship with the violence of the samples, while there was no significant relationship between living environment of the samples and their violence.

Introduction

Nowadays in the world, sport is considered as a very important thing that has been mentioned with different titles in the world and has occupied many groups. Today, the importance and attention to the issue of sports, especially professional sports, is an integral part of the goals and thoughts of governments, politicians and different societies, especially advanced and large governments and societies. Indeed, where did this importance, interest and feeling of need for sports among people and governments come from? In response, it should be stated as follows: Sports today brings many benefits and achievements in various economic and political fields to different countries, and it can be called as a broad industry. However, one cannot be indifferent to other goals, results, achievements and functions of sports. Some experts have listed various positive functions in various fields such as health, cultural, wellness, social, psychological, therapeutic, political, economic, ethical, skill, etc. for sports. Obviously, if the stated functions in reality also have positive and similar results, sports can provide great and valuable services to human society. Of course, it should be said that the findings of all researchers who have researched in this field have not always been the same. A group of experts believe that sports make people learn positive values ​​and this phenomenon has a positive effect on the process of socialization and normalization of people, while another group believes that sports can transmit undesirable values ​​and its effect on the socialization of people is negative. The difference in the results is due to the fact that the psychological and social effects of different sports on people, depending on things such as the type of sport, the effect of the sport on the physical condition, the prevailing atmosphere in the sports environment, etc., are different from other sports. The main goal of the current research is to investigate the subculture of violence among teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad city, as a special and separate sport. Wrestling is a very popular sport in Iran, which is Physical and engaging, and participating in it leads to an increase in the physical strength of people and for this reason, it can attract the attention of a wide range of teenagers and young people with tendency to violence. After examining the violence situation of the samples, we intend to investigate the relationship between the variables of the: living environment, the environment of the sport clubs and the group of peers of the samples with their subculture of violence in the framework of the research findings, And explain the concept of "cultural displacement" which refers to the change in the cultural condition of people as a result of the change in their social and cultural situations.
 

Methodology

In this descriptive analytical research, data collection has been done by library and field methods. about the sections of literature review and research background, reference has been made to library resources including domestic and foreign books, articles and theses. Also, to collect quantitative data that can be analyzed, two methods of data collection by observation and questionnaire have been used.
 
 
 

Results and discussion

According to the findings of the research, more than 40% of the samples had high violence, this article shows that a wide range of teenage and young wrestlers in Mashhad are violent. To answer the question, where does this level of violence among young wrestlers of Mashhad come from? It can be answered like this: wrestling clubs are attended by large number of teenage and young people with subculture of violence, According to the findings of this research 47.6% of the samples belong to areas with negative cultural structures, and the researcher's long time observations also confirm this issue that there are a large number of teenagers and young people with the subculture of violence in the wrestling clubs. Basically, having traits such as tenacity, courage, high physical strength and the ability to engage in physical conflict are among the basic values ​​among teenagers and young people of the lower class, And wrestling, as a physical sport which increases physical strength, can attract many violence teenagers and young people with the motivation of increasing physical strength and improving physical skills. These teenagers and young people socialize with other people after being in the environment of sports clubs and during these socializations, they convey inappropriate value and normative patterns to others. These people can also become a role model for others by achieving success and progress in sports, models that others sometimes try to imitate them in every way. Finally, through these communications, trainings and imitations, we can see the occurrence of violence in other cases and increasing of violence among this category of athletes. About the effect of independent variables on violence, it should be said: According to statistical analysis, it was proved that there is a significant relationship and correlation between the variable of the club environment and the violence of the samples, Based on this, it can be said that each club has an independent environment and there is a high correlation between the violence of the samples and the environment of the club where they are located in, This point clearly shows that the placement of young athletes in these sport environments can result in their being influenced by the environment. Also, according to the findings, no significant relationship was observed between the variable of the living environment of the samples and their violence, while according to the results obtained in the research, there was a strong, significant and direct relationship between the variable of the group of peers and the level of violence of the samples. According to what has been said, we can conclude: The presence of teenagers and young people in environments with a violent atmosphere, also their communication with violent people, can lead to their strong influence from the environment and increase their violence And if this influence is not controlled by social control factors, over time it can lead to a complete change in the cultural status of people. People are exposed to different situations and cultural environments throughout their lives, situations that have their own structures and convey their own norms and social values ​​to different people. In general, the different cultural situations that people are exposed to them during their lives can be divided into two general categories: "permanent cultural situations" and " permanent cultural situations". Permanent situations are those situations and environments which a person spends most of his time in that and constantly relates with those situations, such as: family and residential environment. On the other hand, temporary situations are those situations and environments which a person spends less time in those situations compared to permanent situations and usually relates with those situations for a short period of time, such as: school, University and sport clubs. The mental values ​​and norms of people are formed under the influence of both permanent and temporary cultural situations, and each of these situations exerts its own effects on people. But what is considered and investigated in this research is that the long term exposing of people in some cultural situations, results in a state that called “cultural situation displacement". Cultural situations displacement can sometimes lead to "cultural displacement” in people. The concept of cultural displacement refers to a situation that people lose their former culture over time as a result of changing their cultural positions and replace new social values instead of their former social values, which also causes people to change their behavior compared to the past.
 

Conclusion

According to the findings, among all research samples 1.2% of them have very low violence, 19.4% have low violence, 38.8% have moderate violence, 34.1% have high violence and 6.5% have very high violence. About the effect of the independent variables of the research on the subculture of violence of the samples, it should be say: sports club environment and group of peers had a significant relationship with the violence of the samples, while there was no significant relationship between living environment of the samples and their violence.
 

Selection of References

Maxwell, Jonathan; Vise, Amanda and Moors, Elizabeth (2009). “Anger and perceived legitimacy of aggression in male Hong Kong Chinese athletes: Effects of type of sport and level of competition”. Psychology of sport and exercise, 10(2), pp.289-296.
Siegel, Larry (2019). Criminology the core. Seventh Edition. Lowell: University of Massachusetts.
Sofia, Rui and Cruz, Jose Fernando (2017). “Unveiling anger and aggression in sports: The effects of type of sport, competitive category and success level”. Revista de psicología del deporte, 26(2), pp.21-28.
Song, Zi-liang and Zhang, Jun-jie (2011). “Research on the relationship between physical activity and social health of university students”. Modern Preventive Medicine, 27(16), pp.125-140. ‏
Sutherland, Edwin and Cressey, Donald (1966). The principles of criminology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Comp.
Traclet, Alan; Moret, Orlan; Ohl, Fabien and Clémence, Alain (2015). “Moral disengagement in the legitimation and realization of aggressive behavior in soccer and ice hockey”. Aggressive Behavior, 41(2), pp.123-133.