Criminalization of Competition Law, Dimensions and approaches of legal Systems

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Private law Department- Hazrat- Masumeh University- Qom- Iran

Abstract

Part of the enforcement of competition law is achieved through the use of criminal law and the criminalization of anti-competitive behavior. In this method, due to the importance of maintaining commercial competition in the market, relying on criminal law Mechanisms as the most effective and efficient methods of guaranteeing legal rules is used. The purpose of this article is to use a comparative study to explain the effective components in realizing the effectiveness of criminal law, enforcement guarantees and to review and evaluate the position of Iranian law. This article tries to explain the necessity of criminal intervention in competition law, how to determine the proportionality between criminal enforcement guarantees and anti-competitive behaviors. Based on some legal capacities in Iran, it seems necessary to accept the concept of optimal enforcement sanctions and amend the existing law and procedures accordingly. This involves recognizing the impact of rights on the economic, social, and normative components.

Keywords


حسینی، حسین و احمدی، زهرا (1393)، «سیاست جنایی قانون اجرای کلی سیاست­های اصل چهل و چهارم قانون اساسی»، دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی، دوره جدید، سال بیست و یکم، شماره 5، ص 45-71.
رستمی، هادی (1393)، «جرم­انگاری و کیفرگذاری در پرتو اصل محدودکننده آزادی در نظریه لیبرال»، پژوهش­نامه حقوق کیفری، دوره 5، شماره 1، ص 55-81.
شریفی، محسن و حبیب­زاده، محمدجعفر (1395)، «معیارهای تعیین جزای نقدی اشخاص حقوقی در نظام کیفری ایران، آمریکا و انگلستان»، پژوهشنامه حقوق کیفری، سال هفتم، شماره اول، شماره پیاپی 13، ص 165- 190.
شیخ­الاسلامی، عباس و ابراهیمی، امید (1398)، «ارزیابی حقوق ساختار سازمانی و کارکردهای شورای رقابت»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 49، شماره 3، ص 695-715.
طجرلو، رضا و کرباسیون محمدعلی (1396)، «حاکمیت قانون و کارایی در نظام حقوق رقابت ایران»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 47، شماره 4، ص 979-994.
نجفی، توانا و مصطفی­زاده، فهیم (1392)، «جرم­انگاری در نظام کیفری جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، مطالعات فقه و حقوق اسلامی، سال 5، شماره 8، ص 149- 170.
وکیلی­مقدم، محمدحسین (1389)، توافقات ضدرقابت تجاری، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر میزان.
_________________ (1398)، بررسی جایگاه حقوق نرم در تجارت بین­الملل، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات مجد.
A) Books
Broder, Douglas (2010), U.S. Antitrust Law and Enforcement, First Edition, Oxford University Press.
Cseres, Katalin, Pieter, Maarten & Vogelaar, Floris (2013), Criminalization of Competition Law Enforcement, First Published, Edward Elgar Publishing limited.
Jonge, Alice (2011), Corporate Criminal Liability for Extra Territorial Harms, First Published, Edward Elgar Publishing limited.
Mollers, Thomas & Heinemann, Andreas (2008), the Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe, First Published, Cambridge University Press.
Simpson, Mark (2016), the Criminal Cartel Offences around the World, First Edition, Norton Rose Fulbright.
Wagner, Florian (2010), Criminal Antitrust Law Enforcement in Germany, First Published, Oxford University Press.
Whelan, Peter (2017), Competition Law and Criminal Justice, First Edition, Oxford University Press. 
Wils, Wouter (2005), Principles of European Antitrust Enforcement, First Edition, Oxford and Portland.
 
B) Articles
Beth, Susan (2013), “Red Crime: Criminal Competition Law”, European Competition Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 599-622.  
Clark, Julie (2012), “the Increasing Criminalization of Economic Law, a Competition Law Perspective”, Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 76-98.
Coscun, Huseyin (2013), “Criminalising Cartels: Theory and Practice in the U.K. and Australia”, Global Antitrust Review, Vol. 42, pp. 113-147.
ECA (European Competition Authorities), (2008), "Working Group on Pecuniary Sanctions Imposed on Undertakings for Infringements of Antitrust law, Principles for Convergence", Available at: http://www.autoritedelaco ncurrence.fr/doc/eca_principles_uk.pdf
Hakopian, Gurgen (2010), “Criminalization of E.U. Competition Law Enforcement, A Possibility after Lisbon”, the Competition Law Review, Vol. 7, Issue, 1, pp. 157- 173.
Heimler, Alberto & Mehta, Kirtikumer (2012), "Violations of Antitrust Provisions: the Optimal Level of Fines for Achieving Deterrence", World Competition, Vol. 35, pp. 103-119.
Huschhelrath, Kai (2013), "Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law", CCP Working Paper, No. 13-5.
Jones, Keith & Harrison, Farin (2014), “Criminal Sanctions: An Overview of E.U. and National Case Law”, National Competition Laws Bulletin, Vol. 31, pp. 20-37.
Klawiter, Donald & Driscoll, Jennifer (2009), “Sentencing Individuals in Antitrust Cases: The Proper Balance”, Antitrust Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 75- 83.
Loughin, Peter (2015), “The Criminal Enforcement Of Antitrust Law, The Importance Of Building An Enforcement Culture And How To Create It”, UCL Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 30, pp. 116-145.
Luthan, Salman (2013), “Ad Criteria Of Criminalization”, Antitrust Journal, Vol. 19, pp. 4-25.
Massey, Patrick (2012), “Criminalising Competition Law Offences: a Review of Irish Experience”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, Vol. 3(2), pp. 154-174.
Segev,  Re’em (2019), Reasons For and Against Criminalization: Discussion of the Realm of Criminal Law, Journal of criminal law, Vol. 10, pp. 1-35