International Criminal Courts and the Realization of Democratic Criminal Justice

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

In parallel with development of international criminal courts in recent years, they have been reviewed and criticized too. Part of these criticisms and reviews is formulated under the title of “democratic realization of criminal justice”. Based on these criticisms, to enhance effectiveness of international criminal courts and their ability to achieve justice more, on one hand the method of establishing international criminal courts must become democratic, and on the other hand the quality of the courts' behavior and interaction with victim populations must change in a way that leads to participation of them in investigation process.  By studying these criticisms, this article concludes that although practically there hasn’t been considerable support for democratic establishment of the International criminal court, the need of victims’ participation in investigation process has been realized gradually and it is obvious in regulations of international criminal court. This process, to some extent, has helped the democratization of these institutions

Keywords


آقایی جنت‌مکان، ح. 1388. «تشکیل دادگاه ویژه لبنان، نگاه متفاوت در حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری»، فصلنامه حقوق، 2(39): ص 44-23.
بیگ­زاده، ا. 1376. «سازمان ملل متحد و محاکم کیفری بین‌المللی: تئوری و عمل»، تحقیقات حقوقی، 18(ویژه): ص 146-38.
رنجبریان، ا.  و ملک‌الکتاب خیابانی، م. 1398. «دادگاه ویژه سیرالئون: فرایند تشکیل، صلاحیت و مقابله با بی‌کیفرمانی»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، 43(27): ص 167-123.
رضوی‌فرد، ب. و فقیه‌محمدی، ح. 1390. «تکامل حقوق بزه‌دیدگان از منظر مقررات موضوعه دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، 45(28): ص 233-195.
گرین وود، ک. 1384-1383. «دیوان بین‌المللی برای یوگسلاوی سابق»، ترجمه: مهرداد سیدی، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، 18و 19: ص 414-381.
مارکس، ک. و دیگران 1380. ایدئولوژی آلمانی، ترجمه پرویز بابایی، چاپ سوم، تهران: نشر چشمه.
والین، ل. 1385. «قربانیان و شهود در جنایات بین‌المللی: از حق حمایت تا حق بیان»، ترجمة توکل حبیب‌زاده و مجتبی جعفری، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، 34: ص 56-33.
Akhavan, Payam (2003), "Review: The International Criminal Court in Context: Mediating the Global and Local in the Age of Accountability", American Journal International Law, Vol 97, pp: 696-716.
Alvarez, Joze.A (1999), "Lessons from the Akayesu Judgment", Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol 5, pp: 938-954.
Branch, Adamm (2007), "Uganda’s Civil War and the Politics of ICC Intervention", Ethics and International Affairs, Vol 21, pp:179-198.
Clarke, Kamari Maxine  (2009),  Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa, New York: Cambridge university press.
Cobban, Helena (2006), "Think Again: International Courts", Foreign Policy, Vol 153, pp: 11-31.
Cohen, David (2007), "Hybrid Justice in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia: "Lessons Learned" and Prospects for the Future, Stanford " Journal of International Law, Vol. 43, pp 1-38.
Cohen, Miriam (2009), "Victims’ Participation Rights Within International Criminal Court: A Critical Overview, Denver" Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 37 (3), pp 351-377.
Cryer, Robert; Friman, Hakan; Robinson, Darryl; Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (2010), An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Curran, Vivian Grosswald (2014), From Nuremberg to Freetown: Historical Antecedents of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, in Jalloh, Charles Chernor, The Sierra Leone Secial Court and Its Legacy, New York, Cambridge University Press.
Drumbl, Mark (2007), Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law, New York, Cambridge university press.
Fichtelberg, Aaron (2006), "Democratic Legitimacy and the International Criminal Court: A Liberal Defence", Journal of International Criminal justice, Vol 4, pp:765-785.
Findlay, Mark, Henham, Ralph (2009), Beyond Punishment: Achieving International Criminal Justice, Lpndon, Palgrave Macmillan.
Glasius, Marlies (2009) "What is Global Justice and Who Decides? Civil Society and Victim Responses to the International Criminal Court’s First Investigations", Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 31, pp: 496-520.
Glasius, Marlies (2012), "Do International Criminal Courts Require Democratic Legitimacy?", European Journal International Law, Vol 23 (No 1),pp: 43-66.
Jurdi, Nidal Nabil (2011), "Falling between the Cracks: The Special Tribunal for Lebanon's Jurisdictional Gaps as Obstacles to Achieving Justice and Public Legitimacy", Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 17.2 pp 253-282.
Luftglass, Scott (2004), "Crossroads in Cambodia: The United Nation’s Responsibility to Withdraw Involvement from the Establishment of a Cambodian Tribunal to Prosecute Khmer Rouge", Virginia Law Review, Vol. 90 (3),pp 893-964.
Martin-Ortega, Olga (2012), "Prosecuting War Crimes at Home: Lessons from the War Crimes Chamber in the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina", International Criminal Law Review, Vol. 12,pp 589–628.
Orentlicher,Diane f (2008), Shrinking the Space for Denial: The Impact of the ICTY in Serbia, New York, Open society Institute.
Perriello, Tom & Wierda, Marieke (2006), The Special Court for Sierra Leone Under Scrutiny, International Center for Transitional Justice. Available at: https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/SCSL/Case-studies-ICTJ.pdf (Last Seen: 22 May 2015).
Peskin, Victor,(2005) "Courting Rwanda: The Promises and Pitfalls of the ICTR Outreach Programme", Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol 3, pp:950-961.
Ratner, Steven R (1999), "The United Nations Group of Experts for Cambodia", The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93(4), pp 948-953.
Raub, Lindsey (2009), "Positioning Hybrid Tribunals in international Criminal Justice", International Law and Politics, Vol 41, pp 1013-1053.
Schabas, William. A. (2007), An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, New York, Cambridge University Press.
Snyder, Jack, Vinjamuri, Leslie (2003–2004), "‘Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice",  International Security, Vol 28, pp:5-44.
Thompson, E P (2013), Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of Black Art, London, Breviary Stuff Publications.
Tomuschat, Christian (2006), "The Legacy of Nuremberg", Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol 6, pp 830-844.
Unac, Heleyn, Liang, Steven (2006), Delivering Justice for the Crimes of Democratic Kampuchea, in The Khemer rouge tribunal, JD Ciorcari (ed), Phonem Penh, Documentatian Center of Cambudia document Series.