Setting Fine Criteria for Legal Entities in the Penal Systems of the United Kingdom, the United States and Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Criminal liability of the legal person in term of capacity to bear the penal consequences of the criminal behavior makes it possible to assume them as the subject of criminal law, including fines proportionate to the crimes' nature. Fine is justified when criminal law goals are met and realized. The criminal systems have adopted and attempted various strategies for this purpose. Following the practice of the French panel law, the Iranian lawmaker has adopted the strategy of making the fines 3 to 6 times or 2 to 4 times for legal persons, concerning the cyber-crimes and other crimes, respectively. The United States criminal law applies five stages to determine guilt score and risk degree; and specifies the related punishments for the legal persons. In the UK, a modern method has been used to improve the fine deterrence effect for the legal persons, specifically for the major crimes such as murder. The method emphasizes on reducing some percent of the criminals' real income, whose details would be discussed in this paper. The ultimate purpose of comparing the countries' legal systems is to specify the Iranian penal system's deficiencies concerning the topics of the discussion and providing solutions to overcome them.
 

Keywords


منابع
چایلدز، پ. 1388. گزیده‌ی رویه‌ی قضایی انگلستان. ترجمة آوا واحدی نوایی، چاپ اول، نشر میزان. (کتاب)
دادبان، ح. و آقایی، س. 1388. بازدارندگی و نقش آن در پیش‌گیری از جرم. فصلنامة حقوق، مجلة دانشکدة حقوق و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران، 39(3): ص 148-125. (مقاله)
رحمدل، م. 1389. تناسب جرم و مجازات. چاپ اول، انتشارات سمت. (کتاب)
روح‌الامینی، م. 1387. دگرگونی‌های مسؤولیت کیفری اشخاص حقوقی در نظام حقوقی فرانسه. فصلنامة تخصصی فقه و حقوق، 4(2): ص 155-129. (مقاله)
شریفی، م. 1393. مسؤولیت کیفری اشخاص حقوقی در حقوق ایران و انگلستان، رسالة دکتری دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران. (مقاله)
شریفی، م. و دیگران 1393. دگرگونی‌های مسؤولیت کیفری اشخاص حقوقی در حقوق ایران. مجلة حقوقی دادگستری، 82: ص 159-117. (مقاله)
صادقی، م. 1376. مروری برحقوق جزای انگلستان. چاپ اول، نشر حقوق‌دان. (کتاب)
صفاری، ع. 1391. توجیه یا دلیل‌آوری برای مجازات. مقالاتی در جرم شناسی و کیفرشناسی، ‌1: ص 394-354. (مقاله)
عبداللهی، ا. 1389. درس‌های از فلسفة کیفری: درآمدی بر مسؤولیت کیفری بدون تقصیر در نظام حقوقی انگلستان و ایران. چاپ اول، انتشارات خرسندی. (کتاب)
فرج‌اللهی، ر. 1388. مسؤولیت کیفری اشخاص حقوقی در حقوق فرانسه. چاپ اول، نشر میزان. (کتاب)
مهرا، ن. 1392. دانشنامة حقوق کیفری انگلستان. چاپ اول، نشر میزان. (کتاب)
Apel, R & Paternoster, R  2011. Fundamentals of Corporate Culture of Criminogenic, In: Simpson, Sally & Weisburd, David; The Criminology of White -Collar Crime. (Book)
Bastable, G. 2011. Corporate Convictions, Criminal Law and Gustice Weekly,16th April, Vol.175. (Book)
Cavadino, M & Dignan, J. 2002. The Penal System: An Introduction, 3rd edn, London. (Book)
Deckert, K; Corporate Criminal Liability in France in: Pieth, Mark pieth & Ivory, Radha; Corporate Criminal Liability, Springer, 2011. (Book)
Dimento, J and Geis, G. 2005. Corporate Criminal Liability in the United States in Tully, S; Resarch Handbook on Corporate Legal Responsibility. (Book)
Edvard Haigh, Benjamin 2011. An Analysis of Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act (2007): A Badly Flawed Reform? Available at: http:// etheses.dur.ac..uk/3518/ (Web site)
Elliott, Cathrine and frances Quinn, Criminal Law, Mizan, Tehran. 2006. (Book)
Hanna-Moffat, Kelly. 2005. “Criminogenic Need and the Transformative Risk Subject: Hybrization if Risk/ Need Penality”, Punishment and Society, Vol.7. (Book)
Henning, P.J. 2009. Corporate Criminal Lability and the Potential for Rehabilitation, American Criminal Law Review. (Book)
Matthews, R. 2008. Guide to The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007, Oxford University Press,October, 2008. (Book)
Murphy, C and liam B. 2006. Submission of the New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties to the NSW Legislation Review Committee Inquiry into strict and absolute liability, www.nswccl. org.au. (Web site)
Nanda, V. 2011. Corporate Criminal Liability in the United States: Is A New Approach Warranted? In Pieth, M; Corporate Criminal Liability, springer. PP. 64-89. (Journal)
Reilly, David J. 1988. Murder, Inc: The Criminal Liability of Corporations for Homicide, Seton Hall Law Review, 18. (Book)
Sahlool Hashim, J. 2013. Corporate Criminal Liability: A Comparsion Between the Law the United States and Saudi Arabia. (Book)
Schlegel, K. 1990. Just Deserts for Corporarion Criminals, Boston: Universiry Northeastern University Press. (Book)
Stanton, J. 2007. Strict Liability: stigma and regret, Oxford Journal of legal studies, VOL. 27, NO.1. (Book)
Wells, C. 2001. Corporate Criminal esponsibility,2nd end,Oxford. (Book)
Wells, C. 2005. Corporate Criminal Responsibility, in; S. Tully (ed.), Research Handbook on Corporate Responsibility, London. (Book)
Wells, C. 2011. Corporate Criminal liability in England and Wales in Pieth, M and Ivory R, Corporate Criminal liability, Springer. PP. 91-111. (Journal)
Wilson, W. 2013. Criminal Law, University of London International Programmers,. www. London international.ac.uk. (Web site)
Wong, K. 2012. Breaking the Cycle: The Development of Corporate Criminal Liability, A dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of of the Requirements of the Degree of Laws (Honours) at the University of Otago. (Book)