تحلیلی نو از تفاوت ماهوی «اضطرار» و «ضرورت» در فقه و حقوق کیفری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی ، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.

3 کارشناس ارشد حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

«اضطرار» و «ضرورت» در طول قانون‌گذاری ایران همواره ذیل یک عنوان از موانع مسئولیت کیفری قرار گرفته‌اند. برخی مؤلفین هرچند تنها از جهت منشاء پیدایش تفاوت قائل شده‌اند، اما آنها را ماهیتاً و از حیث احکام و آثار، یکسان تلقی کرده‌اند. درحالی‌که «اضطرار» و «ضرورت» در عین اینکه دارای وجوه اشتراک‌اند، لیکن نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد یکسان‌پنداری این دو عنوان، برداشتی ناروا است. «اضطرار»، منحصر به موارد «نیاز شخصی» مضطر است، از حیث حکم تکلیفی علی‌الاصول جایز و ضمن رفع مسئولیت کیفری، ضمان آن پابرجاست. اما «ضرورت»، مواردی «غیر از نیاز شخصی» را شامل می‌شود، احکام تکلیفی و وضعی کاملاً متفاوتی دارد. در این اثر که به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و انجام گفت‌وگوهای حضوری با  چند تن از فقها انجام شده، ضمن بررسی مباحث فقهی، رویکرد کنونی مقنن کیفری با تمسک به ماده 152 قانون مجازات اسلامی1392 تبیین و پیشنهادهای تقنینی ارائه گردیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A New Analysis of the Substantive Difference "Ezterar" and "Zarurat" (Necessity) under Jurisprudence and Iranian Criminal Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sayed Mohsen Ghaemfard 1
  • Jalaledin Ghiasi 2
  • Fatemeh Mohseni 3
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom. Iran.
3 Master of criminal law and criminology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

"Ezterar" and "Zarurat" have always been under the one title of the excuses of criminal liability in during the Iranian legislation. Some authors have distinguished only in terms of origin, but have considered them the same in substance and in terms of rulings and effects. While "Ezterar" and "Zarurat" have common aspects, the results of this research show that considering them the same is an unfair perception. "Ezterar" is unique to "personal needs", in terms of obligatory ruling, it is permissible in principle and while removing criminal liability, the civil liability remains. "Zarurat" includes cases "other than personal needs", obligatory and guarantee rulings are completely different. In this work, which was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and library resource and face-to-face interviews with several jurists, while examining the jurisprudential issues, the current approach of the criminal legislator is explained by citation to article 152 of the Islamic Penal Code 2013 and legislative proposals have been presented.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ezterar
  • Zarurat
  • Necessity
  • Article 152 of the Islamic Penal Code
  • Personal Need
  • Other Than Personal Need
A Group of Researchers, Under the Supervision of Sayed Mahmoud Shahroudi (1385 SH). Jurisprudence Dictionary According to the Religion of Ahl al-Bayt. Volume 1. Second Edition. Qom: Fiqh Ahl al-Bayt. [In Persian]
A Group of Researchers, Under the Supervision of Sayed Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi. (1417 AH). The Encyclopedia of Fiqh al-Jawahir. First Edition. Beirut: al-Ghadir Printing and Publishing. [In Arabic]
Al-Farahidi, K. I. A. (1414 AH). Arrangement of the Book of al-Ein. First Edition. Qom: Osveh. [In Arabic]
Al-Hosseini, A. A. (2011 AD). Necessity in Criminal Liability, Comparative Study. First Edition. Beirut: al-Halabi al-Hoquqiyah. [In Aribic]
Al-Khoury al-Shartuni al-Lebnani, S. (1403 AH). The closest resources in Arabic Passover and Shurad. Qom: Marashi Najafi Library. [In Arabic]
Allameh Helli, H. I. Y. (1412 AH). Montahi al-Matlab Fi Tahghigh al-Mazhab. Volume 7. First Edition. Mashhad: Islamic Research Academy. [In Arabic]
Allameh Helli, H. I. Y. (1413 AH)(A). Qawaed al-Ahkam. Volume 3. First Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Allameh Helli, H. I. Y. (1413 AH)(B). Mokhtalef al-Shia. Second Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Allameh Helli, H. I. Y. (1420 AH). Tahrir al-Ahkam. Volume 5. First Edition. Qom: Imam Sadiq. [In Arabic]
Al-Mousavi al-Khomeini, R. (1378 SH). Al-Rasael al-Eshrah. First Edition. Tehran: Organizing and Publishing the Works of Imam Khomeini. [In Arabic]
Ameli, H. I. A. (1426 AH). Using the Right of the Imam (peace be upon him) in the Time of Occultation. First Edition. Qom: Islamic Jurisprudence Encyclopedia on the Religion of Ahl al-Bayt. [In Arabic]
Ameli, M. I. M. (Shahid Awal)(1417 AH). Al-Dorous al-Shareiyah. Volume 3, Second Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Ameli, Z. I. A. (Shahid Thani)(1413 AH). Masalek al-Afham. Volume 7. Qom: al-Maaref al-Islamiah. [In Arabic]
Amid Zanjani, A. A. (1382 SH). Ayat al-Ahkam. First Edition. Tehran: Islamic Sciences Studies and Research Office. [In Arabic]
Ansari Dezfouli, M. I. M. A. (Sheikh Ansari)(1411 AH). Book of Forbidden Gains and Selling, Options. Volume 8. First Edition. Qom: Dar al-Zakhaer. [In Arabic]
Bahrani, Y. (1405 AH). Al-Hadaeq al-Nazara. Volume 25. First Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Bahrani, Mohammad Sanad. Monday morning and evening, 1394/05/12 SH. Face-to-face Interview.
Barghi, A. A. I. M. (471 AH). Al-Mahasen. Volume 2. Qom: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiyah. [In Arabic]
Dehkhoda, A. A. (Dateless). Dehkhoda Dictionary. Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
Eftekhar Jahromi, G. (1368 SH).  Dictionary of legal terms, English-Persian. Out of place. [In Persian]
Eftekhar Jahromi, G. (1377 SH). Translation of Law Texts. Tehran: Yalda. [In Persian]
Farrokh Siri, M. (1376 SH). Criminal Terminology. First Edition. Bandar Abbas: Ji Ji Ka. [In Persian]
Hashemi Shahroudi, S. M. (1431 AH). Lights and Opinions. Volume 2. First Edition. Qom: Encyclopaedia of Islamic Jurisprudence. [In Arabic]
Hashemi Shahroudi, Sayed Mahmoud. Friday morning 1393/12/15 SH. Face-to-face Interview.
Helli, M. I. I. (1410 AH). Al-Saraer. Volume 2. Second Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Hor Ameli, M. I. H. (1409 AH). Tafsil-e Wasael al-Shia Ela Tahsil-e Masael al-shia. First Edition. Qom: al-Ahl al-Bayt. [In Arabic]
Ibn Baraj Trablosi, A. A. (1406 AH). al.Muhazzab. Volume 2. First Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Ibn Manzur, A. (1414 AH). Lisan al-Arab, Fars Sahib al-Jawaib. Third Edition. Beirut: Dar al-Fakr for Printing and Publishing, Dar al-Sader. [In Arabic]
Farahi, S. A. (1430 AH). Al-Tahqiq fi al-Qawaed al-Fiqhiyah. First Edition. Qom: Islamic. [In Arabic]
Fazeli Esfahani (Hendi), M. I. H. (1416 AH). Kashf al-Letham. First Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Jafari, M. T. (1377 SH).  Jurisprudential treatises. First Edition. Tehran: Karamat. [In Persian]
Kermanshahi, M. Al. I. V. B. (1411 AH). Maqame al-Fazl. Volume 1. First Edition. Qom: Allameh Mojadad Vahid Behbahani. [In Arabic]
Keshavarz, B. (1370 SH). Legal Dictionary, English to Persian. Fifth Edition. Tehran: Amirkabir. [In Persian]
Khajoei Mazandarani Khatounabadi, M. I. (1411 AH). Rasael al-Feqhiyah. Volume 2. Qom: Dar al-Kotob al-Islami. [In Arabic]
Khoei, S. A. Q. (Dateless). The basics of Takmelat al-Minhaj. Volume 2. Beirut: Dar al-Zahra. [In Arabic]
Khoei, S. A. Q. (1386 AH). Mesbah al-Asul. Volume 2. First Edition. Najaf: al-Najaf Press. [In Arabic]
Khoramshahi, B. (1381 SH). Quran Encyclopedia. Second Edition. Tehran: Doostan. [In Persian]
Koleyni, M. I. Y. (1381 AH). Al-Kafi. Volume 6. Tehran: al-Sadouq Library. [In Arabic]
Maalouf, L. (Dateless). Al-Munajjid in Language and Media. Second Edition. Tehran: Iran. [In Arabic]
Madadi, Sayed Ahmad, Monday night 1394/05/12 SH. Face-to-face Interview.
Majlesi, M. B. (1410 AH). Bahar al-Anwar al-Jameah Ledorar Akhbar al-Aemat al-Athar. First Edition. Beirut: Printing and Publishing. [In Arabic]
Makarem Shirazi, N. (1374 SH).Tafsir-e Nemooneh. Preparation and Arrangement: A Collection of Learned Men. Volume 1. First Edition. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiyah. [In Persian]
Mamoghani, M. H. (1316 AH). The Ultimate Goal in the Description of Makaseb. First Edition. Qom: Majma al-Zhakhaer al-Islamiyah. [In Arabic]
Maraghi, M. A. F. (1418 AH). Al-Anawin. Volume 2. First Edition. Qom: Jame'at al-Modaresin. [In Arabic]
Meshkini, A. (1384 SH). Fiqh Terms. Fourth Edition. Qom: Al-Hadi. [In Arabic]
Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, H. (1370 SH). Dictionary of Islamic Law. Second Edition. Tehran: Jahad University. [In Persian]
Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, H. (1376 SH). Dictionary of Criminal Law. Second Edition. Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
Mohaddith Qomi, A. (1387 SH). The Benefits al-Razaviyah. Second Edition. Qom: Dar al-Saqalain. [In Arabic]
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (1366 SH). Rules of Jurisprudence of Civil Section. Second Edition. Tehran: New Thoughts in Islamic Sciences. [In Persian]
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (1379 SH). Rules of Jurisprudence of Criminal Section. First Edition. Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center. [In Persian]
Mohaghegh Helli, N. J. I. H. (1418 AH). Al-Mukhtaser al-Nafe fi Fiqh al-Imamiyah. Volume 1. Sixth Edition. Qom: Al-Matbouat al-Diniyah. [In Arabic]
Moghniyeh, M. J. (1421 AH). Imam al-Sadiq's Jurisprudence. Second Edition. Qom: Ansarian. [In Arabic]
Mustafavi, S. H. (1402 AH). Investigation of the Words of the Holy Qur'an. First Edition. Tehran: Book Center for Translation and Publishing. [In Arabic]
Naraghi, M. A. (1415 AH). Shia documentary. Volume 14. First Edition. Qom: Al-Albayt Institute. [In Arabic]
Qaeni, M. (1424 AH). Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Masael al-Moaserah. Volume 1. First Edition. Qom: Center for Jurisprudence of Imam al-Athar. [In Arabic]
Qaravi Esfahani, M. H. (1418 AH). The margin of al-Makaseb book. Volume 2. First Edition. Qom: Anwar al-Mahdi. [In Arabic]
Qomi Sabzewari, A. M. (1421 AH). Jami al-Khilaf and agreement between al-Imamiyah and between al-Aemah al-Hijaz and Iraq. First Edition. Qom: Ground Builders for Zohur of Imam Asr. [In Arabic]
Qorashi Banaei, S. A. A. (1412 AH). Quran Dictionary, Arabic to Persian. Sixth Edition. Tehran: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamiyah.[In Persian]
Ragheb Esfahani, H. I. M. (1427 AH). Vocabulary of Qur'an. First Edition. Lebanon: Dar al-Qalam. Syria: al-Dar al-Shamiya. [In Arabic]
Saghiri, I. (1383 SH). Full Translation of Law Made Simple. Third Edition. Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
Sayed (Sharif), M. (1405 AH). Rasael. Volume 1. Qom: Dar al-Qur'an al-Karim. [In Arabic]
Scheb (John) and scheb II (John) (1999 AD).Criminal Law. Second Edition. USA.
Shams Nateri, M. I. and Riyazat, Z. (1392 SH). Islamic Penal Code in the current legal system. Volume 1. First Edition. Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
Sharif Kashani, M. H. (1404 AH). Mostaqsi Madarek al-Qawaed. First Edition. Qom: Seminary. [In Arabic]
Shazli, S. I. Q. I. I. (1412 AH). In the Shadows of the Qur'an. Volume 1. 17th Edition. Beirut and Cairo: Dar al-Shorouq. [In Arabic]
Sobhani, J. (1412 AH).The principles of hadith and its rulings in the science of knowledge. First Edition. Qom: Qom Scientific Field Management Center. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaei Haeri, S. A. (Dateless). Riyad al-Masail. Volume 1. First Edition. Qom: Al-Albayt. [In Arabic]
Tabatabaei Yazdi, S. M. K. (1429 AH). The margin of the book of al-Makaseb. Volume 2. Second Edition. Qom: Tayibah al-ahya al-Tarath. [In Arabic]
Vahid Behbahani, M. B. I. M. A. (1417 AH). Margin of Majma al-Faedat and Al-Borhan. First Edition. Qom: Allameh Mojadad Vahid Behbahani. [In Arabic]
Vahid Behbahani, M. B. I. M. A. (1424 AH). Masabih al-Zalam. Volume 2. First edition. Qom: Allameh Mojadad Vahid Behbahani. [In Arabic]
Vatani, A. (1381 SH). Jurisprudential Examination of Ezterar and Zarurat. Articles and Reviews (Jurisprudence and Legal Foundations). 71. 187-207. [In Persian]
Zahirian, M. M. (1376 SH). General Principles of English Criminal Law. Second Edition. Tehran: Ganjdanesh. [In Persian]
Zubeidi, M. M. (Dateless).Taj al-Arous Men Jawaher al-Qamous. Beirut: Dar al-Maktabat al-Hayat.
[In Arabic]